450Marcian is proclaimed Eastern Roman emperor at Hebdomon and marries empress Pulcheria.
766Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios.
1248The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Archbishop of Utrecht.
1258Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under Michael VIII Palaiologos, paving the way for its leader to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.
1270Philip III, although suffering from dysentery, becomes King of France following the death of his father Louis IX, during the Eighth Crusade. His uncle, Charles I of Naples, is forced to begin peace negotiations with Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis.
1537The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
1543António Mota and a few companions become the first Europeans to visit Japan.
1580War of the Portuguese Succession: Spanish victory at the Battle of Alcântara brings about the Iberian Union.
1630Portuguese forces are defeated by the Kingdom of Kandy at the Battle of Randeniwela in Sri Lanka.
1651A parliamentarian army defeats a royalist army under James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, in the battle of Wigan Lane during the Third English Civial War.
1814War of 1812: On the second day of the burning of Washington, British troops torch the Library of Congress, United States Treasury, Department of War, and other public buildings.
1823American fur trapper Hugh Glass is mauled by a grizzly bear while on an expedition in South Dakota.
1825The Thirty-Three Orientals declare the independence of Uruguay from Brazil.
1830The Belgian Revolution begins.
1835The first Great Moon Hoax article is published in The New York Sun, announcing the discovery of life and civilization on the Moon.
1875Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim across the English Channel, traveling from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
1883France and Viet Nam sign the Treaty of Huế, recognizing a French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin.
1894Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet.
1914World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost.
1916The United States National Park Service is created.
1933The Diexi earthquake strikes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.
1933Nazi Germany and the Zionist Federation of Germany signed the Haavara Agreement. The agreement was a major factor in breaking the anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 and facilitated Jewish emigration from Germany and into British Mandate of Palestine.
1939As part of its S-Plan, the Irish Republican Army carries out the 1939 Coventry bombing in which five civilians were killed.
1939The United Kingdom and Poland form a military alliance in which the UK promises to defend Poland in case of invasion by a foreign power.
1941World War II: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly stage an invasion of the Imperial State of Iran.
1942World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons; a Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned back by an Allied air attack.
1942World War II: Battle of Milne Bay: Japanese marines assault Allied airfields at Milne Bay, New Guinea, initiating the Battle of Milne Bay.
1944World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies.
1945Ten days after World War II ends with Japan announcing its surrender, armed supporters of the Chinese Communist Party kill U.S. intelligence officer John Birch, regarded by some of the American right as the first victim of the Cold War.
1945The August Revolution ends as Emperor Bảo Đại abdicates, ending the Nguyễn dynasty.
1950To avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman orders Secretary of the Army Frank Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads.
1958The world's first publicly marketed instant noodles, Chikin Ramen, are introduced by Taiwanese-Japanese businessman Momofuku Ando.
1960The Games of the XVII Olympiad commence in Rome, Italy.
1961President Jânio Quadros of Brazil resigns after just seven months in power, initiating a political crisis that culminates in a military coup in 1964.
1967George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, is assassinated by a former member of his group.
1980The last performance of the Jahrhundertring at the Bayreuth Festival receives ovations of 45 minutes.
1981Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Saturn.
1985Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes near Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport in Auburn, Maine, killing all eight people on board including peace activist and child actress Samantha Smith.
1989Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Neptune, the last planet in the Solar System at the time, due to Pluto being within Neptune's orbit from 1979 to 1999.
1989Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404, carrying 54 people, disappears over the Himalayas after takeoff from Gilgit Airport in Pakistan. The aircraft was never found.
1991The Battle of Vukovar begins. An 87-day siege of Vukovar by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serb paramilitary forces, between August and November 1991 (during the Croatian War of Independence).
1991Linus Torvalds announces the first version of what will become Linux.
1997Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall.
2001American singer Aaliyah and several members of her entourage are killed as their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff from Marsh Harbour Airport, Bahamas.
2003NASA successfully launches the Spitzer Space Telescope into space.
2017Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the United States since 2004.
2017Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present): One hundred seventy people are killed in at least 26 separate attacks carried out by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, leading to the governments of Myanmar and Malaysia designating the group as a terrorist organisation.
Nacimientos (244)
1467Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (died 1526)
1491Innocenzo Cybo, Italian cardinal (died 1550)
1509Ippolito II d'Este, Italian cardinal and statesman (died 1572)
1530Ivan the Terrible, Russian ruler (died 1584)
1540Lady Catherine Grey, English noblewoman (died 1568)
1561Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (died 1632)
1605Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (died 1638)
1624François de la Chaise, French priest (died 1709)
1662John Leverett the Younger, American lawyer, academic, and politician (died 1724)
1707Louis I of Spain (died 1724)
1724George Stubbs, English painter and academic (died 1806)
1741Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, German theologian and author (died 1792)
1744Johann Gottfried Herder, German poet, philosopher, and critic (died 1803)
1758Franz Teyber, Austrian organist and composer (died 1810)
1767Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (died 1794)
1776Thomas Bladen Capel, English admiral (died 1853)
1786Ludwig I of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (died 1868)
1793John Neal, American writer, critic, editor, lecturer, and activist (died 1876)
1796James Lick, American carpenter and piano builder (died 1876)
1802Nikolaus Lenau, Romanian-Austrian poet and author (died 1850)
1803Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (died 1880)