1217An English fleet defeats a French fleet in the battle of Sandwich, cutting off Prince Louis of France from supplies and diminishing his hopes to gain the English throne during the First Barons' War.
1349Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague.
1482The town and castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured from Scotland by an English army.
1516The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Syria at the Battle of Marj Dabiq.
1608The first official English representative to India lands in Surat.
1643A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
1662The 1662 Book of Common Prayer is legally enforced as the liturgy of the Church of England, precipitating the Great Ejection of Dissenter ministers from their benefices.
1682William Penn receives the area that is now the state of Delaware, and adds it to his colony of Pennsylvania.
1690Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city (in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city's foundation date is unknown).
1743The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrenders to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath.
1781American Revolutionary War: A small force of Pennsylvania militia is ambushed and overwhelmed by an American Indian group, which forces George Rogers Clark to abandon his attempt to attack Detroit.
1789The first naval battle of the Svensksund begins in the Gulf of Finland.
1812Peninsular War: A coalition of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces succeed in lifting the two-and-a-half-year-long Siege of Cádiz.
1814British troops capture Washington, D.C. and set the Presidential Mansion, Capitol, Navy Yard and many other public buildings ablaze.
1815The modern Constitution of the Netherlands is signed.
1914World War I: The Battle of Cer ends as the first Allied victory in the war.
1929Second day of two-day Hebron massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attacks on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, result in the death of 65–68 Jews; the remaining Jews are forced to flee the city.
1931Resignation of the United Kingdom's Second Labour Government. Formation of the UK National Government.
1932Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the United States non-stop (from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey).
1933The Crescent Limited train derails in Washington, D.C., after the bridge it is crossing is washed out by the 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane.
1936The Australian Antarctic Territory is created.
1937Spanish Civil War: the Basque Army surrenders to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie following the Santoña Agreement.
1937Spanish Civil War: Sovereign Council of Asturias and León is proclaimed in Gijón.
1938Kweilin incident: A Japanese warplane shoots down the Kweilin, a Chinese civilian airliner, killing 14. It is the first recorded instance of a civilian airliner being shot down.
1941The Holocaust: Adolf Hitler orders the cessation of Nazi Germany's systematic T4 euthanasia program of the mentally ill and the handicapped due to protests, although killings continue for the remainder of the war.
1942World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk, with the loss of seven officers and 113 crewmen. The US carrier is heavily damaged.
1944World War II: Allied troops begin the attack on Paris.
1967Led by Abbie Hoffman, the Youth International Party temporarily disrupts trading at the New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing trading to cease as brokers scramble to grab them.
1970Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators.
1981Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon.
1989Colombian drug barons declare "total war" on the Colombian government.
1989Tadeusz Mazowiecki is chosen as the first non-communistprime minister in Central and Eastern Europe.
2004Ninety passengers die after two airliners explode after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, near Moscow. The explosions are caused by suicide bombers from Chechnya.
2006The International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefines the term "planet" such that Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet.
2008Sixty-five passengers are killed when Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 crashes during an emergency landing at Manas International Airport in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
2010In San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 72 illegal immigrants are killed by Los Zetas and eventually found dead by Mexican authorities.
2010Henan Airlines Flight 8387 crashes at Yichun Lindu Airport in Yichun, Heilongjiang, China, killing 44 out of the 96 people on board.
2010Agni Air Flight 101 crashes near Shikharpur, Makwanpur, Nepal, killing all 14 people on board.
2012Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, is sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention.
2014A magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area; it is the largest in that area since 1989.
2016An earthquake strikes Central Italy with a magnitude of 6.2, with aftershocks felt as far as Rome and Florence. Around 300 people are killed.
2016Proxima Centauri b, the closest exoplanet to Earth, is discovered by the European Southern Observatory.
2017The National Space Agency of Taiwan successfully launches the observation satellite Formosat-5 into space.
2020Erin O'Toole is elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.
2023Japan officially begins discharging treated radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean, sparking international concerns and condemnation.
Nacimientos (211)
1016Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress consort (died 1039)
1113Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (died 1151)
1198Alexander II of Scotland (died 1249)
1358John I of Castile (died 1390)
1393Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (died 1458)
1423Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)
1498John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (died 1537)
1510Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (died 1558)
1552Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter and educator (died 1614)
1556Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist and astronomer (died 1643)
1561Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (died 1626)
1578John Taylor, English poet and author (died 1653)
1591Robert Herrick, English poet and cleric (died 1674)
1631Philip Henry, English minister (died 1696)
1635Peder Griffenfeld, Danish lawyer and politician (died 1699)
1684Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, British politician (died 1746)
1714Alaungpaya, Burmese king (died 1760)
1758Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (died 1794)
1759William Wilberforce, English philanthropist and politician (died 1833)
1772William I of the Netherlands (died 1840)
1787James Weddell, Belgian-English sailor, hunter, and explorer (died 1834)
1816Daniel Gooch, English engineer, laid 1st successful transatlantic cables (died 1889)
1824Antonio Stoppani, Italian geologist and scholar (died 1891)
1837Théodore Dubois, French organist, composer, and educator (died 1924)
1843Boyd Dunlop Morehead, Australian politician, 10th Premier of Queensland (died 1905)
1845James Calhoun, American lieutenant (died 1876)
1851Tom Kendall, Australian cricketer and journalist (died 1924)
1852Agnes Marshall, English culinary entrepreneur, inventor, and celebrity chef (died 1905)
1860David Bowman, Australian lawyer and politician (died 1916)
1862Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (died 1956)
1863Dragutin Lerman, Croatian explorer (died 1918)
1865Ferdinand I of Romania (died 1927)
1872Max Beerbohm, English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist (died 1956)
1884Earl Derr Biggers, American author and playwright (died 1933)
1887Harry Hooper, American baseball player (died 1974)
1888Valentine Baker, Welsh co-founder of the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company (died 1942)
1890Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer, actor, and surfer (died 1968)