1763King George III issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing Indigenous lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.
1777American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat British forces under general John Burgoyne in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights, compelling Burgoyne's eventual surrender.
1780American Revolutionary War: American militia defeat royalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina, often regarded as the turning point in the war's Southern theater.
1800French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent.
1826Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Akkerman Convention, under which the Ottomans accept Russian territorial demands in the Balkans, Caucasus and the Danubian river basin.
1826The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.
1828Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.
1840Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.
1864American Civil War: A US Navy ship captures a Confederate raider in a Brazilian seaport.
1868Cornell University holds opening day ceremonies; initial student enrollment is 412, the highest at any American university to that date.
1870Franco-Prussian War: Léon Gambetta escapes the siege of Paris in a hot-air balloon.
1879Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the "Twofold Covenant" and create the Dual Alliance.
1912The Helsinki Stock Exchange sees its first transaction.
1913Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving vehicle assembly line.
1916Georgia Tech defeats Cumberland University 222–0 in the most lopsided college football game in American history.
1919KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.
1924Andreas Michalakopoulos becomes prime minister of Greece for a short period of time.
1929Photius II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
1940World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.
1944World War II: The Sonderkommando Revolt in Auschwitz occurs with an uprising of prisoners (especially the Sonderkommando) at the Auschwitz concentration camp.
1963Buddhist crisis: Amid worsening relations, outspoken South Vietnamese First Lady Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu arrives in the US for a speaking tour, continuing a flurry of attacks on the Kennedy administration.
1977The Fourth Soviet Constitution is adopted.
1978Aeroflot Flight 1080 crashes after takeoff from Koltsovo International Airport, killing 38.
1979Swissair Flight 316 crashes at Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, killing 14.
1985The Mameyes landslide kills almost 200 people in Puerto Rico.
1985Four men from the Palestine Liberation Front hijack the off the coast of Egypt.
1987Sikh nationalists declare the independence of Khalistan from India; it is not internationally recognized.
1988A hunter discovers three gray whales trapped under the ice near Alaska; the situation becomes a multinational effort to free the whales.
1991Croatian War of Independence: Bombing of the Banski Dvori in Zagreb, Croatia.
1993The flood of '93 ends at St. Louis, Missouri, 103 days after it began, as the Mississippi River falls below flood stage.
2001The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan begins with an air assault and covert operations on the ground, starting the longest war in American history.
2002The Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-112 to continue assembly of the International Space Station.
2004Three bombs explode at Taba and Nuweiba in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing 34.
2007The battle of Mirali begins in which the Pakistan Armed Forces and Taliban militias clash for four days.
2008Asteroid 2008 TC3 impacts the Earth over Sudan, the first time an asteroid impact is detected prior to its entry into Earth's atmosphere.
2008Qantas Flight 72 experiences an in-flight upset near Exmouth, Western Australia, Australia, injuring 112.
2016In the wake of Hurricane Matthew, the death toll rises to over 800.
2022Ten people are killed and eight are injured in an explosion at a petrol station in Creeslough, Ireland.
2022Ales Bialiatski, along with two organisations, Memorial and Center for Civil Liberties, are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
2023Hamas and several other Palestinian militant groups launch an attack into Israel, which results in the deaths of around 1,200, mostly civilians, and the taking of 251 hostages, including civilians and soldiers.
Nacimientos (212)
14 a. C.Drusus Julius Caesar, Roman politician (died 23 AD)
1301Grand Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver (died 1339)
1409Elizabeth of Luxembourg (died 1442)
1471Frederick I of Denmark (died 1533)
1474Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 1536)
1482Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (died 1553)
1573William Laud, English archbishop and academic (died 1645)
1576John Marston, English poet and playwright (died 1634)
1586Isaac Massa, Dutch diplomat (died 1643)
1589Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria (died 1631)
1591Pierre Le Muet, French architect (died 1669)
1597Captain John Underhill, English settler and soldier (died 1672)
1635Roger de Piles, French painter (died 1709)
1713Granville Elliott, English general (died 1759)
1728Caesar Rodney, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 4th Governor of Delaware (died 1784)
1744Sergey Vyazmitinov, Russian general and politician, War Governor of Saint Petersburg (died 1819)
1746William Billings, American composer and educator (died 1800)
1748Charles XIII of Sweden (died 1818)
1769Solomon Sibley, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, 1st Mayor of Detroit (died 1846)
1786Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian lawyer and politician (died 1871)
1798Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, French instrument maker and businessman (died 1875)
1799Mills Darden, one of the largest men ever in human history (died 1857)
1819Ann Eliza Smith, American author and patriot (died 1905)
1821Richard H. Anderson, American general (died 1879)
1832Charles Crozat Converse, American lawyer and composer (died 1918)
1835Felix Draeseke, German composer and educator (died 1913)
1836Henri Elzéar Taschereau, Canadian scholar and jurist, 4th Chief Justice of Canada (died 1911)
1841Nicholas I of Montenegro (died 1921)
1849James Whitcomb Riley, American poet and author (died 1916)
1860Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, Greek general and politician (died 1936)