363Roman emperor Julian is fatally wounded by Sassanid troops in a skirmish close to Samarra while retreating from his failed siege of Ctesiphon.
684Pope Benedict II is consecrated as pope following imperial approval from the Byzantine Emperor. He is the last pope to require the confirmation of the emperor; the next popes require only that of the more closely situated exarch of Ravenna.
699En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of the folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima.
1243Mongols under Baiju Noyan defeat the Seljuk Turks under Kaykhusraw II at the Battle of Köse Dağ. The Sultanate of Rum subsequently becomes a vassal to the Mongol Empire.
1243Election of Pope Innocent IV following the death of Pope Celestine IV in 1241.
1295Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms.
1407Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
1409Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon.
1539Afghan Sur forces under Sher Shah Suri defeat a Mughal army under Humayun in the battle of Chausa.
1541Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.
1579Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory begins.
1656A joined Hospitaller-Venetian fleet defeats a numerically superior Ottoman fleet in the battle of the Dardanelles.
1718Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.
1723After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians.
1740A combined force of Spanish, free blacks and allied Indians defeat a British garrison at the Siege of Fort Mose near St. Augustine during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
1941World War II: Soviet planes bomb Kassa, Hungary (now Košice, Slovakia), giving Hungary the impetus to declare war the next day.
1942The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat.
1944World War II: San Marino, a neutral state, is mistakenly bombed by the RAF based on faulty information, leading to 35 civilian deaths.
1944World War II: The Battle of Osuchy in Osuchy, Poland, one of the largest battles between Nazi Germany and Polish resistance forces, ends with the defeat of the latter.
1948William Shockley files the original patent for the grown-junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor.
1952The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewide labour parties.
1953Lavrentiy Beria, head of MVD, is arrested by Nikita Khrushchev and other members of the Politburo.
1955The South African Congress Alliance adopts the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown.
1959Swedish boxer Ingemar Johansson becomes world champion of heavyweight boxing, by defeating American Floyd Patterson on technical knockout after two minutes and three seconds in the third round at Yankee Stadium.
1960The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland.
1960Madagascar gains its independence from France.
1963Cold War: U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, underlining the support of the United States for democratic West Germany shortly after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall.
1974The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.
1975Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial.
1978Air Canada Flight 189, flying to Toronto, overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine. Two of the 107 passengers on board perish.
1981Dan-Air Flight 240, flying to East Midlands Airport, crashes in Nailstone, Leicestershire. All three crew members perish.
1988The first crash of an Airbus A320 occurs when Air France Flight 296Q crashes at Mulhouse–Habsheim Airfield in Habsheim, France, during an air show, killing three of the 136 people on board.
1995Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup d'état.
1997The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
1997J. K. Rowling publishes the first of her Harry Potter novel series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, in the United Kingdom.
2000The Human Genome Project announces the completion of a "rough draft" sequence.
2003The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that sex-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional.
2006Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of East Timor, resigns after weeks of political unrest.
2007Pope Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional laws of papal election in which a successful candidate must receive two-thirds of the votes.
2008A suicide bomber dressed as an Iraqi policeman detonates an explosive vest, killing 25 people.
2012The Waldo Canyon fire descends into the Mountain Shadows neighborhood in Colorado Springs, United States, burning 347 homes in a matter of hours and killing two people.
2013Riots in China's Xinjiang region kill at least 36 people and injure 21 others.
2013The U.S. Supreme Court rules, 5–4, that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
2015Five different terrorist attacks in France, Tunisia, Somalia, Kuwait, and Syria occur on what was dubbed Bloody Friday by international media. Upwards of 750 people are either killed or injured in these uncoordinated attacks.
2024Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, returns to Australia after pleading guilty to one charge of espionage in a Saipan court and subsequently being released by the United States Department of Justice.
Nacimientos (216)
12 a. C.Agrippa Postumus, Roman son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (died 14)
1399John, Count of Angoulême (died 1467)
1467Ferdinand II of Naples (died 1496)
1575Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (died 1612)
1581San Pedro Claver, Spanish Jesuit saint (died 1654)
1600Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish-born bishop and viceroy of New Spain (died 1659)
1681Hedvig Sophia of Sweden (died 1708)
1689Edward Holyoke, American pastor and academic (died 1769)
1694Georg Brandt, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (died 1768)
1699Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, French businesswoman (died 1777)
1702Philip Doddridge, English hymn-writer and educator (died 1751)
1703Thomas Clap, American minister and academic (died 1767)
1726Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia (died 1796)
1730Charles Messier, French astronomer and academic (died 1817)
1764Jan Paweł Łuszczewski, Polish politician (died 1812)
1786Sunthorn Phu, Thai poet (died 1855)
1796Jan Paweł Lelewel, Polish painter and engineer (died 1847)
1798Wolfgang Menzel, German poet and critic (died 1873)
1817Branwell Brontë, English painter and poet (died 1848)
1819Abner Doubleday, American general (died 1893)
1821Bartolomé Mitre, Argentinian soldier, journalist, and politician, 6th President of Argentina (died 1906)