910Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
1206The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founds the Delhi Sultanate.
1240At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.
1418Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.
1429Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.
1550The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
1653First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.
1665Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
1758French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.
1772French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men are killed by Māori in New Zealand.
1775American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.
1817The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais.
1821Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.
1830Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.
1864American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their position at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
1898Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
1899New Richmond tornado: The ninth deadliest tornado in U.S. history kills 117 people and injures around 200.
1900The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a 20-year period. Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.
1914Massacre of Phocaea: Turkish irregulars slaughter 50 to 100 Greeks and expel thousands of others in an ethnic cleansing operation in the Ottoman Empire.
1921Mikhail Tukhachevsky orders the use of chemical weapons against the Tambov Rebellion, bringing an end to the peasant uprising.
1935A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War.
1939Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.
1940World War II: Thirteen thousand British and French troops surrender to General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943The Holocaust: Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in Brzeżany, Poland (now Berezhany, Ukraine). Around 1,180 Jews are led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1944World War II: Battle of Carentan: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France.
1950An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 46 people.
1963The film Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, is released in US theaters. It was the most expensive film made at the time.
1964Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela's original 5-year sentence is extended to life sentence for high treason together with Denis Goldberg, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi and Walter Sisulu in the Rivonia Trial for sabotage in South Africa.
1975State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain: Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha rules against Indira Gandhi in a case on her election to the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office, triggering a political crisis.
1979Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1981The first of the Indiana Jones film franchise, Raiders of the Lost Ark, is released in theaters.
1982A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City.
1988Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 046, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General José de San Martín Airport, killing all 22 people on board.
1990Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
1991Kokkadichcholai massacre: The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village of Kokkadichcholai near the Eastern Province town of Batticaloa.
1993An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida.
2009A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests.
2014Between 1,095 and 1,700 Shia Iraqi people are killed in an attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq. It is the second deadliest act of terrorism in history, only behind 9/11.
2016Forty-nine civilians are killed and 58 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States; the gunman, Omar Mateen, is killed in a gunfight with police.
2024A fire in a residential building in Mangaf, Kuwait City kills at least 50 people.
2025Air India Flight 171, a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, crashes shortly after takeoff into the B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India, killing 241 out of 242 onboard as well as 19 on the ground. This marked the first fatal crash and hull loss of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
2026South African-American businessman Elon Musk becomes the first US$ trillionaire with the initial public offering of SpaceX.
Nacimientos (207)
950Reizei, Japanese emperor (died 1011)
1107Gao Zong, Chinese emperor (died 1187)
1161Constance, Duchess of Brittany (died 1201)
1519Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1574)
1561Anna of Württemberg, German princess (died 1616)
1564John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (died 1633)
1573Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, soldier (died 1629)
1577Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (died 1643)
1580Adriaen van Stalbemt, Flemish painter (died 1662)
1653Maria Amalia of Courland, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (died 1711)
1686Marie-Catherine Homassel Hecquet, French writer (died 1764)
1711Louis Legrand, French priest and theologian (died 1780)
1760Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, French author, playwright, journalist, and politician (died 1797)